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ENVIORNMENTAL
ILLNESS
For the past
200 years, humans have manipulated lifes problems. Two hundred
years ago, 98% of the world s population were farmers. Running
water and sewage disposal were introduced less than a hundred years
ago. Yet, we are now more susceptible to disease than 50 years ago.
We are plagued with resistant bacteria, new virulent viruses and
parasites. Environmental problems have resulted in many human made
diseases. We are powerful and intelligent creatures with modern
technology to assist us in stamping out disease, yet, pollution,
holes in the ozone layer of the sky, global warming, and satellite electromagnetic beams have all contributed to a decrease in our
immunity in fighting off disease. Western medicine can no longer
solve all disease.
THE
SUPER BUG
HISTORY
Disease and
epidemics have changed the course of history.
In 430 BC, in
Athens there were 200,000 inhabitants. War broke out with Sparta.
Over 1/2 of the Athenians died of some mysterious disease and Athens
collapsed. (Cause was possibly influenza and staph with toxic shock.)
In 130 BC, troops
from Syria brought smallpox home and 1/2 of the population of 2
million people died. Over the next 14 years, 7 million Europeans.
died.
In 550 AD, the
bubonic plague hit Europe killing 1/2 of the population. Bacteria
had a field day. 30% of the Romans lived past 30 years. In the country,
70% of the people lived past 30.
In 1351 AD,
Bubonic plague came and 30 million Europeans died. The cause was
a bacteria Yersinia pestis found in the gut of fleas that lived
off the blood of rodents. The rodents died and the fleas attached
to humans. The lymphatics of man were entered resulting in hemorrhage
and dementia. Black and purple spots were noted on the skin. Londons
population of 60,000 was reduced to 35,000. Within 2 years 2/3 of
China was destroyed with drought and famine following the plague.
In 1519 Cortez
brought small pox to Mexico. Within 50 years the population dropped
from 25 million to 3 million. (The Spanish were immune to the disease
at that time.)
Traders from
the Mediterranean, looking for silk, spread malaria to China. Schistosomiasis
killed in the southern Yangtze, and smallpox killed in the North.
In the sixteenth
century white mans diseases appeared. 1520 smallpox, 1530
typhus, 1558 influenza and 100 mumps. In the New America, measles,
small pox and mumps killed over 90 million Indians leaving only
10 million survivors.
In the late
1880 syphilis appeared on the scene with two spirochetes, the Yans
in Africa and the Bejel in the Middle East . Transmutation occurred
and a new spirochete Treponema came on the scene.
In 1918, influenza
killed 20 million people. Its effect was overshadowed by World War
I.
By the year
2000 it is estimated that 40-100 million people will be infected.
Already 20 million adults and 1 million children have been killed
by the virus. by 2010 it is estimated that 1/2 of Africans south
of the Sahara will die of Aids.
In 1989, in
Reston Virginia, Ebola fever was found in two Filipinos who caught
it from monkeys. After intense treatment, they were saved. This
illustrates with our global travel how quickly disease can spread
through out the world.
In 1994, Cholera
was found in refuge camp of Tanzania during its battle with Zaire.
While the Huts and Tutsi fought, neighborhood Rwanda was dying.
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THE
WAR AGAINST DISEASE
In 1847, a Hungarian
Semmelweis noted that 30% of mothers died after delivering their
children. He noted medical students were leaving the autopsy rooms
and going to deliver babies. His idea of infection was rejected
and he died penniless and insane.
In 1860, Pasteur
told us that germs caused disease.
In 1880, a German,
Koch identified bacteria and discovered how to isolate and grow
them.
In 1909, Ehrlich
discovered arsphenamine as the first drug for syphilis.
In 1928, Fleming
discovered Penicillin but it took until 1938 before it was used
in the war against bacteria.
In 1932, Domagu
discovered sulfur to kill strep bacteria.
In 1943, Flory
and Chain made penicillin commercially and by 1953 400 tons a year
were produced.
In 1949, Waksman
discovered streptomycin which was used for TB treatment.
In 1947, Chloromycetin
and Tetracycline were discovered.
Since 1960 only
one new family of antibiotics have been discovered, the Quinolones.
They wreck the chromosomes of bacteria but their use have severe
side effects.
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THE
FUTURE OF BUG KILLERS
With the use
of antibiotics and vaccines, we thought we could stamp out all disease.
Our past successes with small pox, diphtheria, polio, TB and syphilis
led us to believe the war against germs was won. In the matter of
time all disease will be analyzed and wiped out. We think nature
is benign. We mistakenly thought that all agents causing disease
would react to our miracle antibiotics. Yet viruses, bacteria, and
parasites remain a threat to the survival of mankind without killing
the human host.
In 1950 , Penicillin
killed 100% of staph bacteria; in 1980 only 10% of staph were destroyed
by penicillin.
Bacteria are
either rods or round, have no nucleus, and reproduce by dividing
(as fast as every 20 minutes). They survive anywhere. 90% of the
1000 million cells that make our bodies are bacteria. Staph bacteria
live over our entire skin (1 million per inch).
Bacteria are
our friends. Only a few bacteria are harmful. The good bacteria
keep the world clean and green. They release nitrogen into plants.
Bacteria in our mouth keep harmful bacteria away. Our white cells
make macrophages that are suicide cells destroy bad bacteria and
then they die.
Antibiotics
kill good and bad bacteria. The lactobacillus in the vagina is destroyed
causing yeast overgrowth, and Eshcericia coli in the bowel is killed
with antibiotics causing diarrhea.
Deadly bacteria
reproduce in less than one hour, doubling all the time. As they
reproduce they are not the same bacteria, but mutants occur. The
antibiotics may wipe them away anyway, but some resist and may survive
in the host. Previously harmless bacteria now become hostile. They
can pass on resistance to the antibiotics without inheriting it.
In 1983, McClintock
found bacteria have rings of DNA (plasmids) that reproduce and have
genetic changes that tell the bacteria how to defend against the
antibiotics. Pnemococci bacteria were found to devour random strings
of DNA and cause mutations.
This results
in super bugs in high concentrations in locations where antibiotics
and bacteria are found, mainly in the very sick people in hospitals.
Workers in hospitals carry strep to the hospital. Intensive care
units harbor super bugs that are not destroyed by germicidal cleaning.
Personnel go outside to smoke and return with outdoor bacteria.
Nurses and doctors constantly attending to the very sick harbor
bacteria in their noses and on their skin that to them are not harmful
but to the immune deficient patient these bacteria become virulent.
"Bugs are
out there to get us". All we have to do is wipe out the enemy
and we will be cleaned. Kids in day care centers are given antibiotic
creams for cuts and bruises that result in super bugs. Patients
visit the doctor with a cold and insist on an antibiotic to get
well fast. Doctors comply rather than discuss the matter. Besides,
it could become a malpractice issue if the patient later got pneumonia.
We have been
destroying good bacteria that are part of us, that help us in ways
that we do not know. Bacteria change and we create new antibiotics
to kill them but the bacteria alter again. We have new organisms
proliferate that never existed before in nature. Our bodys
defenses now make antibodies against our own cells. Our immune system
becomes deficient . The macrophages and T cells cant reproduce
fast enough to build up our defenses.
There are other
reasons for this decrease in body immunity. Some are: industrial
pollution, domestic waste, animals fed antibiotics which become
our hamburgers. These and others will be discussed later in this
chapter.
We must keep
our immunity strong. American acupuncture is one excellent way of
restoring the bodies balance and defenses to fight existing diseases.
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PARASITES
In this next
section we shall see that parasites that we destroyed over the last
200 years are making a return to plague us again. Malaria, Cholera,
and Yellow fever were thought conquered but they also like the super
bugs are again present despite our heroic public efforts.
YELLOW
FEVER (also called white mans grave) endemic in Africa,
is characterized by bleeding from the stomach and nose with associated
high delirious fevers. Out breaks occurred on ships in 1648 at Martinique
and then Cuba. in 1803 Napoleon sent an army to Haiti of 33,000
men with 90% of them perishing from Yellow fever. For over 20 years
a Cuban, Dr. Farlay, kept saying that a mosquito caused the disease
but couldnt prove it. Later the mosquito Aedes segypti was
implicated. It was present only the first few days of the disease
and then the patient would only be contagious within the first two
weeks. In 1793, 5,000 people were killed in Philadelphia by the
disease.
In 1927 the
virus was found in the rhesus monkeys and ten years later Thailes
made a vaccine that was 100% effective. Sounds like the end of Yellow
Fever. But we could vaccinate all humans but couldnt vaccinate
all the monkeys in the jungles. The forest virus was found to spread
in the jungles. Cuba and other islands were sprayed with DDT to
eradicate the mosquito.
In 1959 the
disease reappeared in South America. In 1960,as the dangers of DDT
were discovered the people refused to have their lands sprayed.
Yellow fever has been noted again in the jungles. It seems that
no disease is ever defeated in its own habitat and only grows more
lethal in some parts of the world.
MALARIA
has killed 400 people annually with 90% of them in tropical Africa..
At present, three million people still die annually in Africa from
Malaria.
The bite of
infected anopheline mosquito injects plasmodium parasite into the
human blood. The mosquito injects saliva into the blood so no clotting
occurs while the mosquito feeds. The parasite enters the liver and
remains a sleepy animal until a sudden shock reactivates it. Four
species were discovered by Dr. Laverian in 1880.
In 1820, Pelletier
discovered quinine from the bark of the quinchona tree. It was found
to arrest the disease. In 1942, during W.W.II the Japanese cut off
our supply of quinine from Java and we were forced to use something
more powerful, Chloroquine. In 1958 we sprayed the jungles with
choroquine (active ingredient DDT). Resistant strains of mosquito
and other pests flourished. The insects returned with new resistance.
In 1969, 1/2
million people died in Sri Lanka of the disease. In 1975, six million
people died. There was three times more cases of malaria in 1975
than in 1961.
During the Vietnamese
war we made floquine which stopped the enzymatic reaction. Resistance
again developed. In 1980, the wormwood vaccine was made from a plant
in china to control the disease. Again resistance developed. In
1983, 97 % of the patients were cured with Carbochlorquine and pyrimethane.
In 1990 only 21% of these patients were cured with this treatment.
In 1986 a new
strain falciparun was found and it became resistant to our new drug
Mefloquine. This mosquito caused 1/2 of all the malaria in Cambodia,
and we had no weapon.
The parasite
formed a new enzyme that pumped out the drugs out of the cells.
The mosquito is winning against all human attempts. We must view
our natural world more critically. We interfere with natural world
forces and subtle forces affect our heath. We tackle disease with
head on cures, vaccines, vector controls, and change how we live.
The result is the release of previously hidden microbes.
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CHOLERA
Cholera is a
disease that results in very watery stools and death in 24 hours.
A vaccine was developed in 1893 which practically eradicated the
disease. In 1961 a new strain was found in Indonesia called El
Tor". An outbreak occurred in South America, Africa and India
in 1990. In 1991, Lima Peru stopped chlorinating its water and 9600
deaths from cholera resulted. In 1992 a new strain was discovered
in Bangkok.
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VIRUSES
EBOLA
virus was discovered in 1962 in eastern Bolivia. It is an African
hemorrhagic virus (called Marburg from the village in Africa where
the first outbreak was noted.). The virus destroys all clotting
mechanisms and destroys the immune system. The heart bleeds into
itself. Holes appear in all the organs. It destroys itself and the
human it infests in 5 days. To survive the virus must leap into
an new host.
It is the only
virus that curls itself up in a ring. It has 7 proteins wrapped
around a strand of RNA and twists into weird shapes. Its genetic
structure is very settled (implying it is a very old virus). It
has not mutated. There currently is no anti viral drug to fight
this virus.
LASSA
VIRUS is a virus that has been endemic in West Africa for
years and was camouflaged by other infections. It is characterized
by dark spines with a pitting firm perfect sphere. Dr. Cords was
infected with this virus and injected himself with the plasma of
another infected patient. He recovered rather quickly. Today there
are antiviral drugs that work on this disease.
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GLOBAL
WARMING AND ITS EFFECTS
For the last
200 years we have been burning oil, gas, and coal which has released
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Plants rotting and animal digestive
systems release methane into the air. Carbon dioxide and methane
trap heat from the sun that would be reflected back to us as infrared
light. This additional heat in our atmosphere adds to warmer summers
and warmer wetter winters in the North. Storms increase in the south
in the winter and summer draughts occur where farming is intense.
Sea levels rise
with rivers and low lying wetlands overflowing. Beaches disappear.
It is predicted that Spain will be a desert and France will be like
Spain is today.
As the ice caps
melt the ocean will become warmer. Atlantic coast beaches will disappear.
(1.7 billion people live less than 49 miles from the Mediterranean
sea and 135 million live in coastal strips.
Rainfall will
increase and flooded areas will flood more. Water will evaporate
faster so deserts will be drier. Hurricanes will get stronger since
they get their energy from the warm oceans.
The good effect
of this is that the cloudier sky will counter this warming. The
danger is that viruses, yellow fever, malaria and dengue fever increase
in warmer weather. With increased migration and fighting in the
Middle East and the loss of basic health services in Russia more
disease should multiply. Nevertheless, global warming is here to
stay and with it many problems.
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THE
CHLORINE PROBLEM
Chlorine is
the source of wildlife problems. Since 1930 organochlorines have
made pesticides, solvents, propellants, coolants, fast food packaging,
insulating foam, plastics (PVC), plastics for clothing, building
materials, containers, additives (PCB) ,heat resistance for neon
lights, and many other products. One third of these byproducts enter
the sea.
Some of the
fluorocarbons go into the sky and are broken by the suns radiation.
the unattached chlorine reacts with the ozone forming chlorine oxide
and leaves regular O2 behind.
Ozone is a vital
filter of the sunlight. It prevents ultraviolet rays from damaging
all living things. The ultraviolet rays destroy at the genetic level
resulting in mutations in algae and microbes.
The initial
thought was that it is chemically inert. It does not react with
other chemicals. The danger is that it has a love affinity for human
body fats. There is a build up through the food chains to planktons
in the sea to fish and finally to mammals.
PCB harmfully
effects the hormone systems, results in decreased immunity, arrest
of sexual development, is implicated in various cancers, and results
in damage to the liver, kidney and central nervous system. It interferes
with genetic function. Dioxins are strong human carcinogens, especially
brain cancers. Eating fish from waters with high levels of PCB also
have been implicated in causing anemias, edema, and infectious diseases.
THE ROLE OF
ALGAE in disease is interesting. In 1988 it was found that in the
North Sea 60% of the harbor seals died. The cause was a morbillivirus
(the virus that causes measles). The seals all had high levels of
PCB, organochlorines and impaired immune systems. The question arose
as to where this virus came from.
It was found
that there was an abundant amount of red algae in the sea. Algae
is a well nourished consumer of oxygen in the water, leaving little
for other living things. It also produces toxins and was found to
harbor exotic viruses (1970 Colwell).
In 1970 an outbreak
of Cholera was found in Asia. That same year an outbreak occurred
in Lima Peru. A Chinese freighter carrying cholera emptied its holding
water into the sea in Lima. This algae rich water spread the epidemic
throughout Lima. (When water is warmed and nitrogen is added, bacteria
flourish.)
Human and animal
wastes feed algae with nutrients contributing to interbreeding and
multiplication of viruses. The sewage of two billion people flows
untreated into the sea. These factors result in new mutations of
viruses from the ever blooming algae. Our food supply contaminated
by PCB results in weakening of the human immune system.
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